Social inequality free essay sample

Teaching Schedule for the Course on: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Semester: January – April, 2014 Instructor: Satyapriya Rout, Department of Sociology, UoH Month: January Week Class Topic Suggested Readings I (Jan. 6 – 10) 1 An introduction to stratification analysis Daniel W. Rossides, Social Stratification (chapter – 1) 2 Meaning and Nature of Stratification Melvin Tumin, Social Stratification II (Jan 13 – 17) 3 Stratification Through history Daniel W. Rossides, Social Stratification (chapter – 2) 4 How societies generate stratification Melvin Tumin, Social Stratification (Chapter – 3,4,5) III (Jan. 20 – 24) 5 Interrogating Inequality Erik Olin Wright, Interrogating Inequality (Chapter – 1) 6 Introduction to Class Analysis – classic inheritance its debate Rosemary Crompton, Class and Stratification (Ch. – 1,2) IV (Jan 27 – 31) 7 Theories of class Structure – Marx Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power (Sec – 1) 8 Weber – Class, status, party Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power (Sec – 1) Month February V (Feb. 3 – 7) 9 Inequality and Social Structure – comparison of Marx and Weber Erik Olin Wright. 2002. ‘The Shadow of Exploitation in Weber’s Class Analysis’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 6, 832 – 53. Reinhard Bendix. We will write a custom essay sample on Social inequality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1974. ‘Inequality and Social Structure: A Comparison of Marx and Weber’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 39, No. 2, 149 – 61. Val Burris. 1987. ‘The Neo-Marxist Synthesis of Marx and Weber on Class’. In Norbert Wiley (ed.) The Marx – Weber Debate, Newbury Park: Sage (chapter – 3) 10 Marx and Weber – Exploitation and Dominance FIRST INTERNAL TEST – BOOK REVIEW VI (Feb10 – 14) 11 Does Class Matter – Reshaping and Dissolution of Class in Advanced Society Jan Pakulski Malcom Waters. 1996. ‘Reshaping and Dissolution of Class in Advance Society’, Theory and Society, Vol. 25 (5), 667 91 12 Does Class Matter – The continuing relevance of class E. O. Wright. 1996. ‘Continuing Relevance of Class Analysis’, Theory and Society, Vol. 25 (5), 693 716 VII (Feb. 17 -21) 13 Stratification – A functionalist perspective Kingsley Davis. 1942. A conceptual analysis of stratification, Americal Sociological Review, 7: 309 – 321, Kingsley and Moore in Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power 14 Some principles of stratification – A Critical perspective Tumin, in Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power VIII (Feb. 24 – 28) 15 Hierarchy and Difference – Dipankar Gupta Dipankar Gupta, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification 16 Some emerging issues in the Indian social stratification Yogendra Singh in K L Sharma (ed.) Social Stratification in India Month March IX (Mar 3 – 7) 17 Inequality Among Men – I (hierarchies of status) Andre Beteille. Inequality Among Men 18 Inequality Among Men – II (distribution of power SECOND INTERNAL TEST – ASSIGNMENT ON ‘CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY’ X (Mar 10 – 14) 19Â  Hierarchy, Status and Power: The Caste System and its implications Louise Dumont, in Dipankar Gupta (ed) Social Stratification 20 Continuous Hierarchies and Discrete Castes Dipankar Gupta, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification XI (Mar 17 – 21) 21 Caste and Class in India: Some Conceptual problems K. L Sharma, in Sharma (ed) Social Stratification in India 22 Kerala Christians and the Caste System C.J Fuller in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification XII (Mar24 – 28) 23 Agrarian Class Structure in India Daniel Thorner and DN Dhanagare in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification 24 Agrarian Class and political mobilisation in India T. K. Oommen, in Sharma (ed) Social Stratification in India Month April XIII (March 31 – April 4) 25 Tribe as a category in stratification analysis Andre Beteille, 1986. ‘Concept of tribe with special reference to India’. European Journal of Sociology Virginius Xaxa. ‘Tribes as Indigenous People of India’, EPW 26 Tribal Identity and Class Differentiation Ghanshyam Saha, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification THIRD INTERNAL TEST (WRITTEN) XIV (Apr 7 – 11) 27 Reference Group Theory and Social Mobility R. K. Merton, in Lipset Benexix (ed.) Class, Status and Power 28 Mobility in Caste System/Some expressions of caste mobility M N Srinivas in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification M N Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India (ch. 3) XV (Apr 14 – 18) 29 Caste, Class and Social Mobility among the SCs K. L Sharma, in Sharma (ed.) Social Stratification and Mobility 30 Gender and Stratification In Anthony Giddens, Sociology XVI (Apr 21 – 25) 31 Caste and Women Leela Dubey in M.N.Srinivas (ed.) Caste: In Its 20th century Avatar 32 Gender in the Making of the Indian Nation-State Maitrayee Chaudhuri in Sharmila Rege (ed.) Sociology of Gender FINAL SEMESTER EXAMINATION

History of the Domestication of Donkeys

History of the Domestication of Donkeys The modern domestic donkey (Equus asinus) was bred from the wild African ass (E. africanus) in northeastern Africa during the predynastic period of Egypt, about 6,000 years ago. Two wild ass subspecies are thought to have had a role in the development of the modern donkey: the Nubian ass (Equus africanus africanus) and the Somali ass (E. africanus somaliensis), although recent mtDNA analysis suggests that only the Nubian ass contributed genetically to the domestic donkey. Both of these asses are still alive today, but both are listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The donkeys relationship with the Egyptian civilization is well-documented. For example, murals in the tomb of the New Kingdom pharaoh Tutankhamun illustrate nobles participating in a wild ass hunt. However, the real importance of the donkey relates to its use as a pack animal. Donkeys are desert-adapted and can carry heavy loads through arid lands allowing pastoralists to move their households with their herds. In addition, donkeys proved ideal for the transport of food and trade goods throughout Africa and Asia. Domestic Donkeys and Archaeology Archaeological evidence used to identify domesticated donkeys includes changes in body morphology. Domestic donkeys are smaller than wild ones, and, in particular, they have smaller and less robust metacarpals (foot bones). In addition, donkey burials have been noted at some sites; such burials likely reflect the value of trusted domestic animals. Pathological evidence of damage to spinal columns resulting from donkeys use (maybe overuse) as pack animals is also seen on domestic donkeys, a situation not thought likely on their wild progenitors. The earliest domesticated donkey bones identified archaeologically date to 4600-4000 BC, at the site of El-Omari, a predynastic Maadi site in Upper Egypt near Cairo. Articulated donkey skeletons have been found buried in special tombs within the cemeteries of several predynastic sites, including Abydos (ca. 3000 BC) and Tarkhan (ca. 2850 BC). Donkey bones also have been discovered at sites in Syria, Iran, and Iraq between 2800-2500 BC. The site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya has domestic donkey bones dated to ~3000 years ago. Domestic Donkeys at Abydos A 2008 study (Rossel et al.) examined 10 donkey skeletons buried at the Predynastic site of Abydos (about ca 3000 BC). The burials were in three purposefully constructed brick tombs adjacent to the cult enclosure of an early (so far unnamed) Egyptian king. The donkey tombs lacked grave goods and in fact, only contained articulated donkey skeletons. An analysis of the skeletons and comparison with modern and ancient animals revealed that the donkeys had been used as beasts of burden, evidenced by signs of strain on their vertebral bones. In addition, the body morphology of the donkeys was midway between wild asses and modern donkeys, leading researchers to argue that the domestication process was not complete by the end of the predynastic period, but instead continued as a slow process over periods of several centuries. Donkey DNA DNA sequencing of ancient, historic and modern samples of donkeys throughout northeastern Africa was reported (Kimura et al) in 2010, including data from the site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya. This study suggests that domestic donkeys are derived solely from the Nubian wild ass. Results of the testing demonstrate that Nubian and Somali wild asses have distinct mitochondrial DNA sequences. Historic domestic donkeys appear to be genetically identical to Nubian wild asses, suggesting that modern Nubian wild asses are actually survivors of previously domesticated animals. Further, it seems likely that wild asses were domesticated several times, by cattle herders perhaps beginning as long ago as 8900-8400 calibrated years ago cal BP. Interbreeding between wild and domestic asses (called introgression) is likely to have continued throughout the domestication process. However, Bronze Age Egyptian asses (ca 3000 BC at Abydos) were morphologically wild, suggesting either that the process was a long slow one, or that wild asses had characteristics that were favored over domestic ones for some activities. Sources Beja-Pereira, Albano, et al. 2004 African origins of the domestic donkey. Science 304:1781. Kimura, Birgitta. Donkey Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Fiona Marshall, Albano Beja-Pereira, et al., ResearchGate, March 2013. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H et al. 2010. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: (online pre-publish). Rossel, Stine. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Fiona Marshall, Joris Peters, et al., PNAS, March 11, 2008.

Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example Second, these knowledge variables affect the association between use of media and understanding of science and technology. The first hypothesis of the research states that after the controlling the demographic variables’ effect, viewing certain channels and television programs lead to developing reservations about science and technology. Second hypothesis states that viewing of television is on an average negatively associated with knowledge of science, which might reduce the reservations against the same. Thus in order to prove these hypotheses and answer the associated research questions, the data have been adopted from 1999 NSB Science and Engineering Indicators Survey in order to generate the media effects model. Findings reveal that the effects of media, like newspapers, general television, science magazines and science television all had comparatively smaller impact on reservations against science and technology than frequent viewing of television. The study finally refl ect that while certain television programs is merely meant for the entertainment, others related to science programs might have a positive impact on understanding of the same. However among the television viewers the popularity of science fictions, paranormal mystery programs are much more than the realistic scientific knowledge. The article is helpful as a research paper in more than one respect. First it helps in establishing the theories and some of the already established results. Secondly, during the primary survey the people were asked open-ended queries about the science magazines they read. Many responses related to art and literature or sports. The sample was shortened based upon the name of the magazines. Therefore, it is a good tool adopted for accuracy of the sample selection because this will automatically eliminate the people who hardly are aware of the

Medical case study report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical report - Case Study Example current medication include; Excelon 4.6mg/day, Warfarin  10/11 night, Ezetrol  10mg evening, Vitamin D 2000IU Daily, Panadol osteo 2x665 mg PRN, Dutasterid 0.5mg and Sinemet  (levadopa+carbidopa)100/25   5 pills a day. The patient falls of a chair and x-rays show blood clots on left knee and is administered Warfirm for AF, physiotherapy and dressing of the wound and blisters [1] This disease is characterized by loss vision sharpness, dry eyes as the disease progresses due to changes in the movement of the eyeball, similar to other motor symptoms caused by loss of dopamine neurons. This result into; trouble reading, the need to blink in order to change eye position, trouble opening the eyes voluntarily, known as apraxia, Eyelid spasms - blepharospasm, and excessive blinking, Dry eyes;  people with PD may blink only 1-2 times per minute, leading to itching and burning [2]. Changes in Perception includes: decreased sensitivity to contrast due to los of dopamine neurons in retina, color blindness, difficulty judging distance and people’s facial expressions and visual hallucinations due to medications. Advanced PD could also result into development of delirium due to prolonged medications. People with Parkinson’s may also have bladder problems, the need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full thus there is need to rule out the possibility of urinary infection or any immediate medical issue before administering a medication [3]. Carbidopa/Levodopa- Smaller doses of levodopa are required to prevent its side effects and being converted into dopamine in the blood stream and reduce nausea and vomiting and prolonged use also cause dyskinesias.Dopamine Agonists and includes: Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Rotigotine, Bromocriptine. These medications tricks the brain to think that it is receiving the dopamine it requires and is less likely to cause dyskinesias but cause other side effects such as hallucinations, nausea and sedation [4]. Anticholinergics

Case Study Australia's Airline Industry Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australia's Airline Industry - Case Study Example This enabled virgin Blue to grow rapidly and became the second largest domestic airline carrier in Australia. Air New Zealand on the other than, is a flag carrier and one of the national airline companies located in Auckland, New Zealand; This airline operates a number of scheduled flights to 24 international and 26 domestic destinations in 15 countries across Europe, Oceanic, Asia and America. It is a member of the star global Alliance having joined in the year 1999. It was originally known as Tasman Empire Airways Limited; where the government of Australia was in ownership by the year 1965. Latter the name changed to Air New Zealand as it is called today. It operates along haul fleet consisting of Boeing 747,767,777 as well as Airbus A320 aircraft on international routes. Qantas airline is one of the Australian airlines based in Sydney Australia. This airline is the oldest continuously operating airline in the whole world. Currently the airline is considered to be a four star airli ne. 2) Summary of current political, social, legal, economical and environmental issues influencing the company Political/ Legal The legal/political segment is an arena were the interest groups and the organizations compete for resources, attention and voice of overseeing the law and regulations guiding the various interactions among nations, This represents how organization try very hard to influence the government and how the governments control them. For instance Blue Virgin is concerned about all the government regulations that affect the business as a whole. This helps the company to effectively achieve its goals considerably since political and legal environment are business friendly to the company (Lowe 2008, P. 126) Social Social-culture is concerned with the society cultural value and attitude. Since attitude and values forms the main cornerstone of the society, then they often drive economical, political/legal, technological and demographical changes and conditions. This m arket segment has a direct effect on the overall performance of the company as it relate passenger who use the companies services from different cultural back grounds with varying attitudes (Robinson 1997, P. 31).. Economical Economical environment refers to the direction and nature of the economy in which a company competes. A firm must forecast, scan, monitor and assess the health of its economy so as to have a higher advantage over competitors in the same economy. As for the case of Blue Virgin it is important to analyze the economy before coming up with any decision that would help it to achieve its goals in such a competitive environment. Technological This includes activities and institutions involved with translating and creating knowledge of new services and various brands in the market. The benefits of these efforts suggest the findings by early adopters of new technology to help in achieving a greater market share as well as high returns. For instance Blue Virgin do verify that the it is continuously scanning the external environment in order to identify the potential substitutes for technologies that are being used and also acquiring new technology which gives it a very high competitive advantage over its competitors (Lowe 2008, P. 126). Environmental The general environment of Virgin group t is composed of dimension in the broader society which influences the company as a whole (Park 2001 P. 134.

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay

History And Importance Of Algebra Mathematics Essay In this project I will talk about starting of history of the algebra which is one of most important branches of arithmetic and Founder of the algebra and meaning of algebra and its benefit of our daily life, how we can learn and teach best way. History of algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. although inventor is Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi, It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad Musa al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi , who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala (algebra equations opposite) ,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the v erb  jabara,   to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians.1 Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. mmmmmmmm Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it. 1. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. Algebra  is  an Arabic word  and  a branch  of  mathematics  and  its name  came from  the book  world of  mathematics, astronomy and  traveller  Muhammad ibn Musa  Khurazmi  (short book,  in the calculation of  algebra  and  interview)  which was submitted  by the  governing  algebraic  operations  to find solutions  to  linear and  quadratic  equations. The  algebra  is three branches of  basic  math  in addition to  geometry  and mathematical analysis  and the  theory of  numbers  and  permutations  and combinations.  And takes care of  this  science  to study  algebraic  structures  and symmetries, including, relations  and  quantities. And  algebra  is the  concept of  a broader  and more comprehensive  account  of the  primary  or  reparation.  It  does not  deal  with  numbers, but also  formulate dealings  with  symbols, variables and  categories  as well.  And  formulate Alibdehyat  algebra  and  relations  by which  can  represent any  phenomenon  in the universe.  So  is one of the  fundamentals  governing the  methods  of proof The Start of Algebra Algebra is an ancient and one of the most basic  branches of  mathematics. It was not developed or invented by a single  person but it evolved over the centuries. The name algebra is itself of Arabic origin. It comes from the Arabic word al-jebr.  The word  was used in a book named The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, written by the famous Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Khwarizmi around 820 AD. Various derivations of the word algebra, which is of Arabian origin, have been given by different writers. The first mention of the word is to be found in the title of a work by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi (Hovarezmi), who flourished about the beginning of the 9th century. The full title is  ilm al-jebr wal-muqabala,  means Science, which contains the ideas of restitution and comparison, or opposition and comparison or resolution and equation,  jebr  being derived from the verb  jabara,  to reunite, and  muqabala,  from  gabala,  to make equal. (The root  jabara  is also met with in the word  algebrista,  which means a bone-setter, and is still in common use in Spain.) The same derivation is given by Lucas Paciolus (Luca Pacioli), who reproduces the phrase in the transliterated form  alghebra e almucabala,  and ascribes the invention of the art to the Arabians. Although the term algebra is now in universal use, various other appellations were used by the Italian mathematicians during the Renaissance. Algebra is one of the main areas of pure mathematics that uses mathematical statements such as term, equations, or expressions to relate relationships between objects that change over time.  Many authors flourished algebra. by contributing specific field As well as Cuthbert Tunstall Cuthbert Tunstall (1474 -1559) was born in Hackforth, Yorkshire, England and died in Lambeth, London, England. He was a significant royal advisor, diplomat, and administrator, and he gained two degrees with great proficiency in Greek, Latin, and mathematics. In 1522, he wrote his first printed work that was devoted to mathematics, and this arithmetic book De arte supputandi libri quattuor  was based on Paciolis Suma. Robert Recorde 1Robert Recorde (1510-1558) was born in Tenby, Wales and died in London, England. He was a Welsh mathematician and physician and in 1557, he introduced the equals sign (=). In 1540, Recorde published the first English book of algebra The Grounde of Artes. In 1557, he published another book The Whetstone of Witte in which the equals sign was introduced. John Widman John Widman (1462-1498) was born in Eger, Bohemia, currently called Czech Republic and died in Leipzig, Germany. He was a German mathematician who first introduced + and signs in his arithmetic book Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf Allen kauffmanschafft. How is Algebra used in daily life? Mathematics is one of the first things you learn in life. Even as a baby you learn to count. Starting from that tiny age you will start to learn how to use building blocks how to count and then move on to drawing objects and figures. All of these things are important preparation to doing algebra.. We use Algebra in finances, engineering, and many scientific fields. It is actually quite common for an average person to perform simple Algebra without realizing it. For example, if you go to the grocery store and have ten dollars to spend on two dollar candy bars. This gives us the equation 2x = 10 where x is the number of candy bars you can buy. Many people dont realize that this sort of calculation is Algebra; they just do it.2 - 2. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_is_Algebra_used_in_daily_life#ixzz1KS594VsI Basic laws of Algebra .   There are five basic laws of algebra governing the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.  And is expressed using the variables can be compensated for any number was.  These laws are: 1 substitution property of the collection.  And write x + y = y + x.  Means that the order is not important when collecting two issues as the result is the same.  For example, 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 (-8) + (- 36) = (-36) + (-8). 2 the property of the aggregate collection.  And write C + (r + p) = (x + y) + p, which means that when you raise three issues or more, it can collect any form of first, and then complete the collection without affecting the final product, for example, 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4 or 2 + 7 = 5 + 4. 3 property substitution beaten.  And write xy = y Q.  Means that the order is not important when you hit the two issues as the result is the same.  For example, (2) (3) = (3) (2) and (-8) (- 36) = (-36) (-8). 4 aggregate property beaten.  And write Q (r p) = (xy) p.  Means that when you hit three or more numbers, it can hit any of them to form first, then complete the battery without affecting the final output.  For example, 2 (3 ÃÆ'- 4) = (2 ÃÆ'- 3) 4 or 2 (12) = (6) 4. 5 Distribution of property of multiplication over addition.  And writes: Q (r + p) = xy + x p. Clarify this important property in algebra the following example: 3 (4 + 5) = (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5).  The multiplication of two numbers in the total number such as 3 (4 + 5) or 3 ÃÆ'- 9 equals the sum of multiplying the number one of the two numbers and multiplied by the number the second number.  Note that: 3 (4 + 5) = 3 (9) = 27 as well. (3 ÃÆ'- 4) + (3 ÃÆ'- 5) = 12 + 15 = 27. Other definitions.  It is important to know some other words used in algebra.  Valmkdar o 2-2 XY + R contains three parts linked to the processes of addition or subtraction, called an end to every part of it.  The amount of so-called compulsory component of the limit and only one Bouhid met, for example, 5 o r single limit, although it contains three elements (5, x, y) multiplied with each other and called each factor.  And know how much that amount binomial component of their double-edged reference collection or ask, for example, both x + y, 3, a 2-4 with a double-edged.  The polynomial is how much the component of the double-edged or more linked with each other or ask a reference collection, for example, Q r + p polynomial.  Note that the binomial is not only a special case of polynomial. That means the amounts set side by side in algebra they multiplied, Fidel expression on the 5 A product of a five-Issue 5 and is called a factor.  Since that 5 times the symbol a in algebra is called a gradient of the number 5. As well as in the formula a (x + r) is a factor (x + y) and (x + y) is a factor.  Since a = 1 ÃÆ'- a, we can always replace a formula 1a. Combination.  Similar to the process of bringing in algebra to a great extent than in the account.  For example, the sum of A and A is 2a.  We call a and 2 a similar double-edged because they contain the same variable.  And to collect two quantities Ghebretin or more similar use property of the distribution of multiplication over addition, for example. 2x + 3 x + 4 h is (2 + 3 + 4) Q 9 or Q, but we can not express the sum of two quantities is similar with a single.  For example, the sum of A and B written A + B.  And to collect 3a, 4 b 0.6 a and b use his replacement and assembly of the collection process.  It is clear that these special Tsaaadanna to collect any series of the border, written in any order.  And the compilation of similar border, we find that: 3a +6 a = 9 a and 4 b + b b = 5. So 3a +4 b + 6 a + b = 9 a + 5 b. The solution could be organized as follows: And to collect similar amounts of non-negative or positive, we were using a private distribution of multiplication over addition.  To make it clear that use the collection: (2a b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 2 d ) and 4 (a + 3 b  ² c 4 d b  ² 3 d ) and 3 (a + 2 b  ² c + d 2 b  ² 4 d ) and (-2 A 8 b  ² c + d 6 b  ² + 6 d ). And the number 3, which appears in the border such as 2 a means that a variable multiplied by itself three times.  See: the cube.  Before the process of collecting such amounts arrange the border in the columns. Algebra equations Algebra equation include letters represent unknown numbers. It is one of the main branches of algebra in mathematics, where the mastery of mathematics depends on a proper understanding of algebra.  And uses the engineers and scientists algebra every day, and counts commercial and industrial projects on the algebra to solve many of the dilemmas faced by them.  Given the importance of algebra in modern life, it is taught in schools and universities all over the world. Symbolizes the number of anonymous letters in algebra, such as X or Y.  In some of the issues can be replaced only one number is indicated.  As an example note that even a simple sentence becomes + 3 = 8 should be correct to compensate for x number 5 because 5 + 3 = 8. In some other issues, it can compensate for the code number or more.  For example, in order to achieve the health of sentence constraint x + y = 12 may put Q equals 6 and Y equals 6, or Q equal to 4, and Y equal to 8.  In such sentences arrest, you can get several values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for x makes true if the sentences given for r different values. And admire many of the students of his ability and usefulness of algebra big, as using algebra, one can solve many of the issues that can not be resolved by using the only account.  For example, say the plane cut a distance of 1710 km in four hours if the flight in the direction of the wind blowing, but cut 1370 km in five hours if the flight was blowing the opposite direction of the wind.  Using algebra, we can find the speed of the plane and wind speed. Terminology used in algebra Exponent of the number placed on the number or variable from the left to indicate the number of times where it is used as a factor. Signals the assembly , brackets [].  And are used in algebra formulas to account for arrest. Square or second-degree variable multiplied by the same user as any  ¸ twice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢. Binomial term in algebra consists of two double-edged symbol + or the symbol -. The number of fixed or variable scope set of one item. Roots of the equation numbers that make the equation correct a report when you replace the variables in the equation. Algebra is a branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors. Moving from Arithmetic to Algebra will look like this: Arithmetic: 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 in Algebra it would look like: x + y = y + x The name algebra is derived from the treatise written by the Persian mathematician   Muhammad bin MÃ…Â «sÄ  al-KhwÄ rizmÄ « titled (in Arabic Al-Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala   The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers is an important part of its history. And  later became  known  to  science  in general  mathematical equations Best way to learn and teach algebra As you already know, algebra is an  essential subject. Its the gateway to mathematics. Its used extensively in the sciences. And its an important skill in many careers. Yet for many people Algebra is a  nightmare. It causes more stress, homework tears and plain confusion than any other subject on the curriculum. Well the good news is  you dont have to struggle with Algebra  for a minute longer. Because now theres a solution that explains Algebra in a way that  anyone can quickly understand. about How to learn algebra the easy way. Algebra is not that difficult as everyone thinks. With some practice hard work anyone can master it. How to learn algebra easy way The learning of any subject needs to understand well, and algebra is not exception to other branches of maths , as we know the maths is first thing we learn before anything else even before we go to school ,therefore it is easier than other subjects in my opinion . And started counting fingers even when you buying sweet .every one of us has knowledge of some collections like books ,cars, and so on ,it is good to use as groups we know as rats, cow ,pen . Some student surprise if you say 5x+4=24 but it will be easy to say 5cars=20 £ how much the price of one car? When we use variable numbers and letters instead of numbers only it is algebra, truly it is very fun and easy if we make more effort with understanding. To understand it needs to make more practice and follow up the rules, addition ,subtraction, multiplication, division and equality of equations because changing sign from side to side is very important and algebra is not exception to other branch of maths . Understanding and practice whenever you make more practice sure you will be mathematician person ,it is not difficult as many people afraid or think 1 LEARN ALGEBRA THE EASY WAY : The key to learn and understand Mathematics is to practice and Algebra is no exception. Understanding the concepts is very vital, without which you are going to have difficulty learning algebra. Algebra helps in problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and applying solid strategies which is important in your day to day life especially in a  job  atmosphere. Consider Algebra to be a game and you would find how easy it is, youll see the miracle ! 2 There are several techniques that can be followed to learn Algebra the easy way. Learning algebra from the textbook can be boring. Though textbooks are necessary it doesnt always address the need for a conceptual approach. There are certain techniques that can be used to learn algebra the fun and easy way. Listed below are some of the techniques that can be used. Do some online research and you will be surprised to find a whole bunch of websites that offer a variety of fun learning methods which makes learning algebra a pleasant experience and not a nightmare. But the key is to take your time in doing a thorough research before you choose the method that is best for you, or you can do a combination of different methods if you are a person who looks for variety to boost your interest. 3 1. ANIMATED ALGEBRA : You can learn the basic principles of algebra through this method. Animation method teaches the students the concepts by helping them integrate both teaching methods. When the lessons are animated you actually learn more ! 2. ALGEBRA QUIZZES : You can use softwares and learn at your own pace best of all you dont need a tutor to use it. What you really need is something that can help you with your own homework, not problems it already has programmed into it that barely look like what your teacher or professor was trying to explain. You can enter in your own algebra problems, and it works with you to solve them faster make them easier to understand. 3. INTERACTIVE ALGEBRA : There are several Interactive Algebra plugins that allows the user to  explore  Algebra by changing variables and see what happens. This promotes an understanding of how you arrive at answers. There are websites that provide online algebra help and worksheets. They also provide interactive online  games  and practice problems and provide the algebra help needed. It is difficult to recommend better methods for studying and for learning because the best methods vary from person to person. Instead, I have provided several ideas which can be the foundation to a good study program. If you just remember all the rules and procedures without truly understanding the concepts, you will no doubt have difficulty learning algebra. So the magic word is concept. The above techniques can help you in learning the concepts without pain in a fun environment Read more:  How to learn algebra the easy way ! | eHow.com  http://www.ehow.com/how_4452787_learn-algebra-easy-way.html#ixzz1M8en5qcH BIBLOGRAPHY

PHL 2560 Reasoning Exercise #4 Essay

1.What speciï ¬ c techniques were used to bring about the destruction of self-awareness among the prisoners? The prison camp used social alienation techniques to bring about the destruction of self-awareness among the prisoners. They treated each prisoner like animals and did not acknowledge them as human beings. The ability to cater to basic human functions as we do was taken away. This degradation broke the prisoners down and stripped them of their personal traits. This kind of treatment worked well in a group-style setting with other prisoners experiencing the same type of torture. 2.What opposite processes could be used to create the reverse process, that is, a strengthening of the self-concept? By empowering the unique individual traits we all possess, we in turn strengthen the self-concept. Encourage people to put their best work out there and recognizing individual strengths that make a strong team nearly unstoppable. All of those things make the self-concept crystal clear. 3. Assume that you are charged with the orientation of a cohort of new managers in your organization. How would you help them understand their own strengths and inclinations and how they could best contribute to the ï ¬ rm? My overall goal would be to show them that â€Å"teams work† based on diverse traits and talents. An important first step would be to help the group identify the strengths and talents each individual holds, and also show that one person’s strength may not be present in another. That’s why working together is not only vital for personal success and growth, but benefits the company as a whole.