Burger King at Rhode Island Free Essay Example, 3750 words

The firm is projecting an increase in profits and the number of customers given the market plan deployed by Burger kings. It initial costs would be high and hence would have an impact on the gross earnings of the first years of the lease. Upon maturity, the firm is likely to receive a profit of up to 20 % of the total earnings. This is projected to take effect on the second year of operation. The marketing strategies laid by the firm would be essential in increasing the number of customers. More customers would mean increased revenue. This implies that the firm would produce products that cater to people regardless of their age, economic class or cultural components. They will aim at connecting the internal environment with the external in a bid to increase revenue collection and create a brand that focuses on delivery. The firm has the ability to offer quality services and meet the market demand within the specified time period. The Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood International Airport potentially has a large market and the experience brought by Burger king would be essential in determining the challenges and strengthening on service delivery. We will write a custom essay sample on Burger King at Rhode Island or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Burger Kings has the ability to combine market demands and work on models that will maximize profit and deliver services that meet market demands. Burger Kings has the ability to meet the RTP requirement having been on the line of business for a long period. The markets are wide and require models that allow diversity. The firm has enough capital to design the space and at the same time staff the Fort Lauderdale- Hollywood International Airport premise to ensure quality delivery and focus on models that will enhance service delivery.

It Has Become Apparent That Throughout History Societies

It has become apparent that throughout history societies have formed as a means of improving efficiency and quality of life. In that pursuit, ideology has become the main topic of discussion. The long lasting argument of which societal structure and set of societal norms will reap the most benefits continues today, specifically in the United States. However, it has not been until recently that Marxists methods of analysis have become a significant source of discussion within the country. As the exploration into Marxist ideology continues, it becomes apparent that the concepts themselves also become more and more normalized within American culture. The idea of Marxism has become widely accepted; enough so as to make it into mainstream†¦show more content†¦As displayed in the show, without these factors the fate of, not only the individual but, the group is at stake. In this zombie-infested world, the zombies themselves can be seen as a metaphor for the Marxist criticism of ca pitalism. In a similar manner to that of which capitalism seeks profit for individual’s own sake, these zombies desperately pursue and starve for human flesh. The events that occur in The Walking Dead can help illustrate the principles that Karl Marx and Marxism founded at the time. Much like it is for the characters in the show, Marxism’s ultimate priority is simply to survive. However, much like the disease infesting the city of Atlanta, capitalism withholds a desire to expand. It bases itself on risk, causing unnecessary obstacles for people to reach their end goal, which should be to sustain themselves. A major point made by Karl Marx seemed to be the abandonment of private property. For Rick’s surviving group the implementation of this concept is a must. In their zombie-filled world it is important that the survivors keep on the move and detach themselves from any useless items. The group never settles, always residing in temporary homes like farmhouses, camps, shops, and prisons; knowing that claiming private property could be a liability or futile. Within the Communist Manifesto, Marx also encourages the abandonment of the familyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian 1576 Words   |  7 PagesWill Pelton Mrs. Buchler English 15 May 2017 The Advancement of Bullying Within Society Bullying refers to the intentional tormenting in physical, verbal, or psychological ways. Sherman Alexie s The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian raises awareness about this common social issue, bullying, through his story about a boy growing up on an impoverished Native American reservation. The novel shows how bullying can leave deep emotional scars that last a lifetime. 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A Worthwhile Lesson Essay Example For Students

A Worthwhile Lesson Essay Mostly, disabled people are discriminated by other people. However, they are also human beings and who also live the same as normal people. They just need some help to do something. I have one unforgettable memory. I went to a shelter for disabled people. I went there to take care of them and it was just for my community services for my schoolwork. I have learned a lot from them and I want to share it with others as well. When I was 14 years old, I went to a place, which was for disabled people. It was during holidays and it was for filling up my community service hours. I stayed there for 3days and 2nights and my sister also accompanied me. That was the first time that I met people who were not able to live alone. When I arrived there, I saw a lot of students. One nurse called all of us to come in to the hall. She explained about disabled people and she warned what we should not do and what we should care about them. All of the students were divided into different groups. Each groups has their own work to do. I took a part of counseling, playing or talking and cooking for them. I was uncomfortable and scared. I wanted to give up and just get away from this place at the first time. It was really different with my perception. One of them saw me and he called me to talk with him. I wanted to keep a distance with them but I just sat next to him and talked. It was my job to do. I was so surprised and I felt guilty a lot after I talked with him. I realized that all these people are same as me and other people. They live just like us. They think just like us too. They are more intelligent than us in one part such as calculating in mind. I was ashamed of myself that I lived in a small box. Actually, we are all the same human beings under the sky. I treated them better than before after I had a conversation with him. I did not even think that a disabled person would teach me about them. Even though, they made mistake and they did something wrong to me, I did not care and I understood them. My notion became totally different. They seemed they are sad because they cannot do what they want to do. After working hard, I did not know that time flew that much. It was time to go to the bed. I recall everything what I have done for the first day. I was proud of myself and I was excited for the next day. Next morning, I woke up earlier than the other students because I needed to cook for disabled people. It was the first and the last time that I cooked that much of quantity. People who are not comfortable must be aware of food; so all the food was good for health. I watched them eating and my eyes became like an eagles eyes. I had to see them carefully. I knew that it is not easy to take care all of them at once, so I was so impressed with my parents. After breakfast, they had a nap. It was the first time to take a break for me since the first day. I was so tired but I could not rest a lot. I went to prepare a bath for them. I think it was the hardest work to do. I helped one grandmother to take a bath. Her skin was softer than me and she looked so young. She said she liked to decorate herself. Actually, it was not taking a bath herself. It was just my job to do. She tried to clean but she does not have enough strength and she does not know how to do. While I helped her to take a bath, I felt like I became a mother of one baby. I also knew that it is not easy to clean the others body and I thought of my mother. .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .postImageUrl , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:hover , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:visited , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:active { border:0!important; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:active , .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dd99a49dea67d8cd005fdb5456421cb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Renting HeartsSuddenly, I had a lump in my throat. She saw my eyes and she hugged me without any words. I was comfortable in her arms. I felt that she understands everything what I thought about. In the late afternoon, most of the disabled people showed us their skills. We had a concert with them. I was so surprised that they can sing or play instrument. I think they are better than me. We had fun in the hall and we went to each room. I could not recall today because I just fell asleep after I lay down. On the last day, there were not much jobs to do. I just cooked as usual and had a breakfast with them. We packed our staff after breakfast and it was time to say goodbye with them. I hugged with my friends who became close with me. They are my friends now. They were my friends since when I arrived that place. One of my friends came to me and gave a bracelet. She was the person who hugged me when I cried. Some of them cried a lot. Some of them just smiled. Some of them were just looking at us. But I could read their mind. I do not know how I did it but I just could do it. I think they accepted me as their friend so I could read their mind. It is not sure but I want to believe and think like this.

Silk Road free essay sample

The Silk Road’s main purpose form the beginning was to connect trade between Europe and Asia. This continued until the end of the Silk Road. Asian goods were traded to the European merchants. The Asians economy relied on the goods traded by Europeans, and vice versa. Another example continuity along the Silk Road is the spread of religious and cultural values. Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and many other beliefs never ceased to expand their missionary outreach to various parts of the world. Missionaries spread along the Silk Road to inspire people to convert to the faith. Christian, Islamic, and Buddhist missionaries traveled along the silk rode continuously. Hinduism was never a missionary religion due to its strict society and inequality, and never traveled along the road. Changes that occurred throughout this time period were mostly due to the rise of the Mongols. They made the trade route safer. Due to this, trade became more efficient and more trade was occurring. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Merchants could travel from cities to city without any of their goods being stolen. Trade cities also rose during this time. The Mongols were the group that spread the Bubonic Plague throughout Europe that killed about one third of the population at the time. While this was a devastating event, it was also good for the economy because it created more jobs for others. Workers could demand higher wages, and would be able to receive them due to the lack of people working. The road made it easier for cultural diffusion to occur, and for religions to spread. The Silk Road not only allowed for the diffusion of ideas, but also disease. The Bubonic Plague is a good example of how regional interaction can have devastating effects on a society. Although, as horrible and the Black Death was, the Silk Road allowed for the advancement and development of numerous cultures around the world. Silk Road free essay sample The problem for Zhang Qian was that to communicate with potential allies against the Xiongnu, he had to pass directly through lands they controlled. When Zhang Qian left Han territory, Xiongnu forcers captured him. For ten years the Xiongnu held him in comfortable captivity: they allowed him to keep his personal servant, and they provided him with a wife, with whom he had a son. However, he escaped with his family and servant. He even kept the yak tail that Han Wudi had given him as a sign of his ambassadorial status. He fled to the west, but didnt succeed in lining up allies against the Xiongnu. While returning to China, Zhang Qian again fell into Xiongnu hands but managed to escape after one years detention when the death of the Xiongnu leader led to a period of turmoil. Although his diplomatic efforts did not succeed, Zhang Qians mission had far-reaching consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zhang Qian had brought back information of immense commercial value. While in Bactria about 128 B. C. E. , he noticed Chinese goods-textiles and bamboo articles-offered for sale in local markets. He found out that the the articles had come by way of Bengal. From this information he deduced the possibility of establishing trade relations between China and Bactria through India. The intelligence that Zhang Qian gathered during his travels thus contributed to the opening of the silk roads-the network of trade routes that linked lands as distant as China and the Roman empire and more generally to the establishment of relations between China and lands to the west. China and other classical societies imposed political and military control over vast territories. They promoted trade and communication within their own empires, bringing regions that had previously been self-sufficient into a larger economy and society. The influence of the classical societies did not stop at the imperial boundaries. Nearby peoples regarded their powerful neighbors with a mixture of envy and suspicion, and they sought to share teh wealth that those neighbors generated. Beyond their relations with neighboring peoples, the classical societies established a broad zone of communication and exchange throughout much of the earths eastern hemisphere. Trade networks crossed the deserts of central Asia and the depths of the Indian Ocean. Long-distance trade passed through much of eurasia and north Africa, from China to the Mediterranean basin, and to parts of sub-Saharan Africa as well. This long-distance trade profoundly influenced the experiences of peoples and the development of societies throughout the easter hemisphere. It brought wealth and access to foreign products, and it enabled peoples to concentrate their efforts on economic activities best suited to their regions. It facilitated the spread of religious traditions beyond their original homelands, since merchants carried their beliefs and sometimes attracted converts in the lands they visited. Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network ?Human communities have traded with one another, sometimes over long distances. Before classical times, long-distance trade was a risky venture. Ancient societies often policed their own realms effectively, but since they were relatively small and compact, extensive regions lay beyond their control. Trade passing between societies was therefore liable to interception by bandits or pirates. This risk increased the costs of long-distance transactions in ancient times. During the classical era, two developments reduced the risks associated with travel and stimulated long-distance trade. Rulers invested heavily in the construction of roads and bridges. They undertook expensive projects primarily for military and administrative reasons, but roads also had the effect of encouraging trade within individual societies and facilitating exchanges between different societies. Classical societies built large imperial states that sometimes expanded to the point that they bordered on one another: the campaigns of Alexander of Macedon, brought Hellenistic and Indian societies into direct contact, and only small buffer states separated the Roman and Parthian empires. Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era Long-distance trades tempo noticeably increased during the Hellenistic era, partly because of the many colonies established by Alexander of Macedon and the Seleucid rulers in Persia and Bactria. Though originally populated by military forces and administrators, these settlements soon attracted Greed merchants and bankers who linked the recently conquered lands to the Mediterranean basin. The Seleucid rulers worked to promote trade. They controlled land routes linking Bactria, which offered access to Indian markets, to Mediterranean ports in Syria and Palestine. Like the Seleucids, the Ptolemies maintained land routes-in their case, routes going south from Egypt to the kingdom of Nubia and Meroe in east Africa-but they also paid close attention to sea lanes and maritime trade. The ousted pirates from sea lanes linking the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. They also built several new ports, the most important being Berenice on the Red Sea, while Alexandria served as their principal window on the Mediterranean. Mariners from Ptolemaic Egypt learned about the monsoon winds that governed sailing and shipping in the Indian Ocean. During the summer the winds blow regularly from the southwest, whereas in the winter they come from the northeast. Knowledge of these winds enabled mariners to sail safely and reliably to all parts of the Indian Ocean basin. During the second century B. C. E. Hellenistic mariners learned the rhythm of these winds from Arab and Indian seamen whose ancestors had sailed before the monsoons for centuries. Merchants then established regular links by way of the Red Sea between India and Arabia in the east and Egypt and the mediterranean basin in the west. Establishment and maintenance of these trade routes were very expensive and called for substantial investment in military forces, construction, and bureaucracies to administer the commerce that passed over the routes. Long-distance trade stimulated economic development within the Hellenistic realms themselves, bringing benefits to local economies. With official encouragement, a substantial trade developed throughout the Hellenistic world, from Bactria and India in the east to the Mediterranean basin in the west. Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, and pearls from India traveled by caravan and ship to Hellenistic cities and ports. Grain from Persia and Egypt fed urban population in distant lands. Mediterranean wine, olive oil, jewelry, and works of art made their way to Persia and Bactria. Maritime trade networks through the Indian Ocean linked not only the large classical societies of Eurasia and north Africa, but also smaller societies in east Africa. During the late centuries B. C. E. , the port of Rhapta emerged as the central center on the east African coast. With increasing trade, groups of professional merchants and entrepreneurs emerged at Rhapta, and coins came into general use on the east African coast. Merchants of Rhapta imported iron goods(spears, axes, and knives) from southern Arabia and the easter Mediterranean region in exchange for ivory, rhinoceros horn, tortoise shell, and slaves obtained from interior regions. the Hellenistic era fostered economic organization and the emergence of states in the distant lands that they brought into interaction. The Silk Road ? When classical empires were established, the scope of long-distance trade expanded. As it became more popular, merchants and travelers began to construct trade routes. (MU) These were referred to as the silk roads and connected much of Eurasia. From the Han capital of Changan, the main road went west until it arrived at the Taklamakan desert. One of the most dangerous and inhospitable regions of the earth, the desert would cause problems for trade, so the silk road split into two main branches that skirted the desert and passed through oasis towns around it to the north and south. MU) The silk roads included many roads and sea lanes that sometimes broke into separate branches. The silk road got its name because silk was a popular good traded over it, mainly exchanged by China. On the positive side, people could trade goods and ideas, but negatively, communicable diseases were spread. Religions like Buddhism,(MU) Hinduism, and Christianity were also spread throughout t he silk roads sharing their culture and architecture. Spices were another popular exchanged good. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, and cardamom came from southeast Asia. (MU) Spices were mainly for food preservation, flavoring, and medicines. India exported cotton textiles and exotic items such as pearls, coral, and ivory. (MU) Central Asia traded jade and horses while the Roman empire traded glassware, jewlery, artwork, perfume, and textiles. Some people made very long trips to the silk road to trade goods. The Romans were said to have traveled as far east as India overseas. Although, individuals typically would deal with long-distance trade in stages. Sometimes, caravans would transport the goods. Between China and Bactria the Chinese and central Asian nomadic peoples dominated trade in these caravans. MU) The Romans began to often trade between India and the Mediterranean and supposedly departed 120 ships to travel there. After the end of the Roman and Han empire, the road was restored by the Tang, Song, and Mongols. (M. M. ) The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism had become well established in northern India by the third century B. C. E. It attracted(MU) lots of merchants who then spread Buddhism to Iran, centra l Asia, China, and southeast Asia. Buddhism was first established in oasis towns located along the silk roads. Buddhism then spread to the steppes in central Asia and to China.

Social inequality free essay sample

Teaching Schedule for the Course on: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Semester: January – April, 2014 Instructor: Satyapriya Rout, Department of Sociology, UoH Month: January Week Class Topic Suggested Readings I (Jan. 6 – 10) 1 An introduction to stratification analysis Daniel W. Rossides, Social Stratification (chapter – 1) 2 Meaning and Nature of Stratification Melvin Tumin, Social Stratification II (Jan 13 – 17) 3 Stratification Through history Daniel W. Rossides, Social Stratification (chapter – 2) 4 How societies generate stratification Melvin Tumin, Social Stratification (Chapter – 3,4,5) III (Jan. 20 – 24) 5 Interrogating Inequality Erik Olin Wright, Interrogating Inequality (Chapter – 1) 6 Introduction to Class Analysis – classic inheritance its debate Rosemary Crompton, Class and Stratification (Ch. – 1,2) IV (Jan 27 – 31) 7 Theories of class Structure – Marx Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power (Sec – 1) 8 Weber – Class, status, party Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power (Sec – 1) Month February V (Feb. 3 – 7) 9 Inequality and Social Structure – comparison of Marx and Weber Erik Olin Wright. 2002. ‘The Shadow of Exploitation in Weber’s Class Analysis’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 67, No. 6, 832 – 53. Reinhard Bendix. We will write a custom essay sample on Social inequality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1974. ‘Inequality and Social Structure: A Comparison of Marx and Weber’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 39, No. 2, 149 – 61. Val Burris. 1987. ‘The Neo-Marxist Synthesis of Marx and Weber on Class’. In Norbert Wiley (ed.) The Marx – Weber Debate, Newbury Park: Sage (chapter – 3) 10 Marx and Weber – Exploitation and Dominance FIRST INTERNAL TEST – BOOK REVIEW VI (Feb10 – 14) 11 Does Class Matter – Reshaping and Dissolution of Class in Advanced Society Jan Pakulski Malcom Waters. 1996. ‘Reshaping and Dissolution of Class in Advance Society’, Theory and Society, Vol. 25 (5), 667 91 12 Does Class Matter – The continuing relevance of class E. O. Wright. 1996. ‘Continuing Relevance of Class Analysis’, Theory and Society, Vol. 25 (5), 693 716 VII (Feb. 17 -21) 13 Stratification – A functionalist perspective Kingsley Davis. 1942. A conceptual analysis of stratification, Americal Sociological Review, 7: 309 – 321, Kingsley and Moore in Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power 14 Some principles of stratification – A Critical perspective Tumin, in Benedix Lipset, Class, Status and Power VIII (Feb. 24 – 28) 15 Hierarchy and Difference – Dipankar Gupta Dipankar Gupta, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification 16 Some emerging issues in the Indian social stratification Yogendra Singh in K L Sharma (ed.) Social Stratification in India Month March IX (Mar 3 – 7) 17 Inequality Among Men – I (hierarchies of status) Andre Beteille. Inequality Among Men 18 Inequality Among Men – II (distribution of power SECOND INTERNAL TEST – ASSIGNMENT ON ‘CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITY’ X (Mar 10 – 14) 19Â  Hierarchy, Status and Power: The Caste System and its implications Louise Dumont, in Dipankar Gupta (ed) Social Stratification 20 Continuous Hierarchies and Discrete Castes Dipankar Gupta, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification XI (Mar 17 – 21) 21 Caste and Class in India: Some Conceptual problems K. L Sharma, in Sharma (ed) Social Stratification in India 22 Kerala Christians and the Caste System C.J Fuller in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification XII (Mar24 – 28) 23 Agrarian Class Structure in India Daniel Thorner and DN Dhanagare in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification 24 Agrarian Class and political mobilisation in India T. K. Oommen, in Sharma (ed) Social Stratification in India Month April XIII (March 31 – April 4) 25 Tribe as a category in stratification analysis Andre Beteille, 1986. ‘Concept of tribe with special reference to India’. European Journal of Sociology Virginius Xaxa. ‘Tribes as Indigenous People of India’, EPW 26 Tribal Identity and Class Differentiation Ghanshyam Saha, in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification THIRD INTERNAL TEST (WRITTEN) XIV (Apr 7 – 11) 27 Reference Group Theory and Social Mobility R. K. Merton, in Lipset Benexix (ed.) Class, Status and Power 28 Mobility in Caste System/Some expressions of caste mobility M N Srinivas in Gupta (ed.) Social Stratification M N Srinivas, Social Change in Modern India (ch. 3) XV (Apr 14 – 18) 29 Caste, Class and Social Mobility among the SCs K. L Sharma, in Sharma (ed.) Social Stratification and Mobility 30 Gender and Stratification In Anthony Giddens, Sociology XVI (Apr 21 – 25) 31 Caste and Women Leela Dubey in M.N.Srinivas (ed.) Caste: In Its 20th century Avatar 32 Gender in the Making of the Indian Nation-State Maitrayee Chaudhuri in Sharmila Rege (ed.) Sociology of Gender FINAL SEMESTER EXAMINATION

History of the Domestication of Donkeys

History of the Domestication of Donkeys The modern domestic donkey (Equus asinus) was bred from the wild African ass (E. africanus) in northeastern Africa during the predynastic period of Egypt, about 6,000 years ago. Two wild ass subspecies are thought to have had a role in the development of the modern donkey: the Nubian ass (Equus africanus africanus) and the Somali ass (E. africanus somaliensis), although recent mtDNA analysis suggests that only the Nubian ass contributed genetically to the domestic donkey. Both of these asses are still alive today, but both are listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The donkeys relationship with the Egyptian civilization is well-documented. For example, murals in the tomb of the New Kingdom pharaoh Tutankhamun illustrate nobles participating in a wild ass hunt. However, the real importance of the donkey relates to its use as a pack animal. Donkeys are desert-adapted and can carry heavy loads through arid lands allowing pastoralists to move their households with their herds. In addition, donkeys proved ideal for the transport of food and trade goods throughout Africa and Asia. Domestic Donkeys and Archaeology Archaeological evidence used to identify domesticated donkeys includes changes in body morphology. Domestic donkeys are smaller than wild ones, and, in particular, they have smaller and less robust metacarpals (foot bones). In addition, donkey burials have been noted at some sites; such burials likely reflect the value of trusted domestic animals. Pathological evidence of damage to spinal columns resulting from donkeys use (maybe overuse) as pack animals is also seen on domestic donkeys, a situation not thought likely on their wild progenitors. The earliest domesticated donkey bones identified archaeologically date to 4600-4000 BC, at the site of El-Omari, a predynastic Maadi site in Upper Egypt near Cairo. Articulated donkey skeletons have been found buried in special tombs within the cemeteries of several predynastic sites, including Abydos (ca. 3000 BC) and Tarkhan (ca. 2850 BC). Donkey bones also have been discovered at sites in Syria, Iran, and Iraq between 2800-2500 BC. The site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya has domestic donkey bones dated to ~3000 years ago. Domestic Donkeys at Abydos A 2008 study (Rossel et al.) examined 10 donkey skeletons buried at the Predynastic site of Abydos (about ca 3000 BC). The burials were in three purposefully constructed brick tombs adjacent to the cult enclosure of an early (so far unnamed) Egyptian king. The donkey tombs lacked grave goods and in fact, only contained articulated donkey skeletons. An analysis of the skeletons and comparison with modern and ancient animals revealed that the donkeys had been used as beasts of burden, evidenced by signs of strain on their vertebral bones. In addition, the body morphology of the donkeys was midway between wild asses and modern donkeys, leading researchers to argue that the domestication process was not complete by the end of the predynastic period, but instead continued as a slow process over periods of several centuries. Donkey DNA DNA sequencing of ancient, historic and modern samples of donkeys throughout northeastern Africa was reported (Kimura et al) in 2010, including data from the site of Uan Muhuggiag in Libya. This study suggests that domestic donkeys are derived solely from the Nubian wild ass. Results of the testing demonstrate that Nubian and Somali wild asses have distinct mitochondrial DNA sequences. Historic domestic donkeys appear to be genetically identical to Nubian wild asses, suggesting that modern Nubian wild asses are actually survivors of previously domesticated animals. Further, it seems likely that wild asses were domesticated several times, by cattle herders perhaps beginning as long ago as 8900-8400 calibrated years ago cal BP. Interbreeding between wild and domestic asses (called introgression) is likely to have continued throughout the domestication process. However, Bronze Age Egyptian asses (ca 3000 BC at Abydos) were morphologically wild, suggesting either that the process was a long slow one, or that wild asses had characteristics that were favored over domestic ones for some activities. Sources Beja-Pereira, Albano, et al. 2004 African origins of the domestic donkey. Science 304:1781. Kimura, Birgitta. Donkey Domestication. African Archaeological Review, Fiona Marshall, Albano Beja-Pereira, et al., ResearchGate, March 2013. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H et al. 2010. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: (online pre-publish). Rossel, Stine. Domestication of the donkey: Timing, processes, and indicators. Fiona Marshall, Joris Peters, et al., PNAS, March 11, 2008.

Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example Second, these knowledge variables affect the association between use of media and understanding of science and technology. The first hypothesis of the research states that after the controlling the demographic variables’ effect, viewing certain channels and television programs lead to developing reservations about science and technology. Second hypothesis states that viewing of television is on an average negatively associated with knowledge of science, which might reduce the reservations against the same. Thus in order to prove these hypotheses and answer the associated research questions, the data have been adopted from 1999 NSB Science and Engineering Indicators Survey in order to generate the media effects model. Findings reveal that the effects of media, like newspapers, general television, science magazines and science television all had comparatively smaller impact on reservations against science and technology than frequent viewing of television. The study finally refl ect that while certain television programs is merely meant for the entertainment, others related to science programs might have a positive impact on understanding of the same. However among the television viewers the popularity of science fictions, paranormal mystery programs are much more than the realistic scientific knowledge. The article is helpful as a research paper in more than one respect. First it helps in establishing the theories and some of the already established results. Secondly, during the primary survey the people were asked open-ended queries about the science magazines they read. Many responses related to art and literature or sports. The sample was shortened based upon the name of the magazines. Therefore, it is a good tool adopted for accuracy of the sample selection because this will automatically eliminate the people who hardly are aware of the